We collected data on floral visitation by insects in the field experiment for two field seasons and collected pollen and nectar from focal plants in the greenhouse to avoid interfering with insect visitation in the field. We applied the same agrochemcial treatments (low concentrations of fertilizer, low concentrations of herbicide, a combination of both, and a control of just water) to seven plant species in the field and greenhouse. We conducted complementary field and greenhouse experiments to evaluate the: (1) effect of low concentrations of agrochemical exposure on nectar and pollen quality and (2) relationship between floral resource quality and insect visitation. For example, flower-visiting insects in agroecosystems rely on weeds on field edges for foraging resources, but these weeds are often exposed to agrochemicals that may compromise the quality of their floral resources. The availability and quality of floral resources may be affected by anthropogenic land use. Pollinating insects provide economically and ecologically valuable services, but are threatened by a variety of anthropogenic changes. Fertilizer and herbicide alter nectar and pollen quality with consequences for pollinator floral choices. Cite this article Russo L, Ruedenauer F, Gronert A, Van de Vreken I, Vanderplanck M, Michez D, Klein A, Leonhardt S, Stout JC. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. ![]() Hummus, organic fresh spinach, red pepper, ripe tomato & avocado slices, and red onion in a flour tortilla (Vegan) (or gluten-free wrap)Īpplewood smoked bacon, organic baby spinach leaves, and juicy tomato slices on Grilled Sourdough.7 University of Mons, Mons, Belgium DOI 10.7717/peerj.15452 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Daniel Silva Subject Areas Ecology, Entomology Keywords Pollilnator health, Floral resources, Pollinator nutrition, Agrochemicals, Plant-pollinator interactions, Pollen amino acids, Pollen fatty acids, Nectar sugars, Nectar amino acids Copyright © 2023 Russo et al. Slices of fresh mozzarella and ripe tomato grilled on organic sourdough bread with fresh organic spinach leaves and pesto.Ĩ ounces of specially seasoned shaved steak tossed with sautéed peppers and onions, melty provolone cheese, & a Hellman's mayo drizzle in a lightly grilled tortilla wrap.Ī combination of Cabot white cheddar and American cheeses, with fresh sliced Avocado, Crispy Bacon, and Balsamic Glaze served on grilled organic sourdough bread. Sliced caramel Norweigan cheese melted atop grilled organic sourdough with lingonberry jamģ cage-free scrambled eggs, sauteed red peppers and red onions, black beans, fruit salsa, Cabot cheddar cheese, and fresh-sliced avocado.ģ cage-free scrambled eggs, melty American cheese with grilled tater tots and grilled onions and choice of protein.Ģ Cage- free fried eggs with your choice of proteins, veggies, bread, cheese and condiments. Organic sourdough, avocado, red onion, tomato, lime, salt and pepper, organic sprouts, everything seasoning ![]() Grilled asiago bagel with plain cream cheese, red onion, tomato, organic sprouts, and choice of pesto, Mike's Hot Honey, or balsamic glaze reduction ![]() 2 cage-free eggs, bacon, Cabot cheddar, Avocado, & Mikes Hot Honey TM on a grilled English muffin or choice of bread.Ģ cage-free eggs, Cabot cheddar, fresh tomatoes, organic spinach, and pesto on a grilled English muffin or choice of bread.
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